Monday, December 9, 2019

Ukraine: Paris talks with Russia aim to end eastern conflict


The leaders of Russia and Ukraine will hold their first face-to-face talks in an attempt to tackle five and a half years of conflict in east Ukraine.
More than 13,000 people have died in fighting between government forces and rebels backed by Russia.
Now there is hope of a breakthrough after Ukraine withdrew from three areas and accepted a series of conditions.
President Volodymyr Zelensky will join Russia's Vladimir Putin in Paris, along with the leaders of France and Germany.
Elected with a landslide earlier this year Mr Zelensky built his improbable campaign around bringing peace to eastern Ukraine.
Mr Zelensky's strategy since has focused on trying to restart talks with Moscow. But for that to happen he has had to agree to Russia's conditions and that has triggered some angry reactions among his opponents.


Ukraine's military has, at Russia's insistence, pulled back in three areas on the front line: Stanytsia Luhansk, Petrivske, and here at Zolote.

Tough orders for soldiers at the front

To reach the new Ukrainian army position at Zolote you have to clamber through freshly dug trenches. A month earlier it was just a field.
Now, the machine-gun position is being manned by Private Oleksiy Kravchenko, who could just about see his old position in the distance. It's a line of trees.


My interview with Private Kravchenko at Zolote gets off to a difficult start.
Unit commander Ruslan Sulymenko has already complained off camera about my "provocative questions". His nervousness is part of the Ukrainian army adjusting to a new reality.
As a soldier it must be very difficult to receive an order to pull back, I suggest.
"Just say it was difficult physically," the commander suggests from the shadows


The private's response was reserved.
"It wasn't that hard work physically," he says. "But in terms of our morale it was tough as so much effort had been put in to getting and maintaining those positions."
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For his commander it was too much. "Don't use that bit," he instructs us before continuing our trudging tour around the trenches.


Russia has been arming, funding and many would say directly controlling the rebels.
After years of doggedly and defiantly holding the line in the face of Russian aggression these soldiers have been given new orders.
On paper the one-kilometre withdrawal applies equally to both sides but in practice it has disproportionately affected Ukrainian positions.

Ukraine confronted by difficult road-map

President Zelensky has also had to accept what is known as the Steinmeier formula. It's complicated and contested stuff.
Effectively it is an attempt to sequence implementation of the Minsk peace agreements, signed in 2014 and 2015 at the height of the fighting.


The Steinmeier formula states that immediately after elections are held in rebel areas, provided they are judged fair by monitors, they are given "special status" and a form of autonomy under the Ukrainian constitution.
The key contested issues are at what point Russian-backed forces leave, and at what moment the Ukrainian authorities regain control of the border, which now separates rebel territory from Russia, and can prevent more weapons coming in.

Why Ukraine has big reservations

At the heart of Ukrainian concerns is that they grant special status to the rebel areas of Luhansk and Donetsk and get nothing in return; that Russia "manages" elections so its candidates win, continues its military presence, and refuses to hand over control of the border.
The combination of the disengagement, Steinmeier and President Zelensky's evident keenness to strike a deal have triggered a vocal reaction.
There have been demonstrations in the capital Kyiv, and President Zelensky's opponents have issued statements listing "red lines" that the president should not cross.


There is also a sense that President Zelensky, just six months into a five-year term, is in a hurry to cut a deal. Though his ratings remain high, they've started to fall.
Among some diplomats there's also alarm at what some see as Mr Zelensky's naive, overly trusting approach to negotiating with President Putin.
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"I think his desire to establish a quick peace may be accepted by Putin as a weakness to use against him," Ukraine's well-regarded former deputy foreign minister, Olena Zerkal, told me.
"I don't believe in good faith in respect to Russia and that's why I have no intention to be part of it."
Ms Zerkal tendered her resignation in protest and last week it was accepted by the cabinet of ministers.

Tangible signs of progress

In Zolote the streets are quiet: in part because it's cold, in part because those people who could escape the front line have done so.
We stop at the local shop where Viktor is overseeing things. He used to live inside what is now rebel territory and owned four shops, a bakery and some agricultural land.


Forced to flee by the rebels, he lost his businesses and has been sleeping on the couch of his only remaining shop. He fumes at the idea that it is Ukraine making the concessions.
"They're the ones who should retreat." he tells me. "This is our territory. They should go back to the other side of the Russian border."
They may not mean much to Viktor but there have already been several dividends from President Zelensky's new approach.
September saw a major prisoner swap, with all of Ukraine's most high profile detainees sent home.
Then last month three naval ships Russia captured in the Kerch Strait were returned.


On the ground the most tangible sign of progress is the bridge at Stanytsia Luhanska.
It's the only crossing point between the self-declared rebel republic of Luhansk and Ukrainian government territory and was badly damaged in fighting in 2015.

Crossing became long and tortuous for the thousands of old people who had to go into government territory to pick up their pensions.
After disengagement in the summer and then re-building work, President Zelensky was there two weeks ago to reopen the re-engineered bridge.
"Tanks will not be able to pass over the bridge as it is too narrow. But an ambulance can easily pass over it," he said in a ceremony broadcast on his Facebook page.

Little hope of peace

The bridge is now much easier for the miserable procession of wheelchairs, the elderly and their helpers to use.
Among them is Tamara Nikolaevna, 69, who has just picked up her pension.
Tamara has family fighting on both the Ukrainian army and rebel sides and, for her, peace seems a very distant prospect. She cannot imagine her relatives sitting around a table, let alone shaking hands.
"They all think they're defending a country," she says with a shake of her head.
As for the two presidents, it is clear who she prefers.
"We love Putin," she replies without hesitation. "Zelensky smiles but in politics he's a clown." 




Ukraine conflict: Putin and Zelensky hold landmark talks in Paris


Russian President Vladimir Putin and his Ukrainian counterpart Volodymyr Zelensky are meeting in Paris for their first face-to-face talks on a conflict in which more than 13,000 have died.
France and Germany are mediating.
The leaders will attempt to end five-and-a-half years of fighting in eastern Ukraine between government forces and separatist rebels backed by Russia.
It comes after a big prisoner swap and the withdrawal of Ukraine's military from three key areas on the front line.
French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel are co-hosting the talks at the Élysée Palace.
  • Will a deal with Russia bring peace to Ukraine?
  • What's the background to the crisis?
Mr Zelensky's recent military and diplomatic moves are aimed at securing peace, but there have already been angry reactions among his opponents, who have warned against conceding too much to Russia.




While it is unlikely that the formal meeting in Paris will result in a comprehensive peace deal between Kyiv and Moscow, Russia has spoken of "very cautious optimism" over the first leaders' summit for over three years.


So how did we get here?

Mr Zelensky, a former comic actor, was elected president of Ukraine in a landslide victory in April following a campaign built around bringing peace to eastern Ukraine.
Since then, his strategy has focused on trying to restart talks with Moscow. For that to happen Mr Zelensky has had to agree to some Russian conditions, including pulling back Ukrainian troops in the eastern towns of Stanytsia Luhansk, Petrivske, and Zolote.


In June, Ukrainian troops and pro-Russian separatists withdrew a kilometre from Stanytsia Luhanska. By late October, the Ukrainians and separatists had disengaged from Zolote and early in November they pulled back from Petrivske.
Nato and Western intelligence experts have repeatedly accused Russia of sending heavy weapons and combat troops into eastern Ukraine to help the rebels.
Russia denies that, but admits that Russian "volunteers" are helping the rebels.
In September, Mr Zelensky won praise for a long-awaited prisoner swap with Russia - he described it as a "victory" that emerged from personal phone contact with the Russian president.

To pave the way for the summit, President Zelensky accepted a 2016 deal granting special status to the separatist-held parts of Ukraine's Donbas region.
The "Steinmeier formula" aims to break the impasse over peace agreements reached at the height of the fighting. It details free and fair elections in the east under Ukrainian law, verification by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and then self-governing status in return.

What triggered the deadly conflict?

Pro-Russian separatists seized control of large swathes of Donetsk and Luhansk regions in April 2014, just after Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Crimea peninsula.
It was an insurgency against the new pro-Western authorities in the capital Kyiv, who had ousted the pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych in street protests dubbed the "Maidan Revolution".
The separatists later declared independence from Ukraine - but no country has recognised their "republics".
  • March, 2014: Russian forces annex Crimea after pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych is ousted in Kyiv, prompting the biggest East-West showdown since the Cold War. The US and the EU impose harsh sanctions on Russia
  • April: Pro-Russian armed groups seize parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions on the Russian border of eastern Ukraine. Ukraine launches a military operation in response
  • September: Nato confirms that Russian troops and heavy military equipment has been entering eastern Ukraine
  • November, 2018: Three Ukrainian ships are intercepted by Russia in the Kerch Strait near Crimea. Ukraine calls it an act of Russian aggression, saying the Black Sea is free for shipping
  • April-July, 2019: TV comedian Volodymyr Zelensky wins presidential election run-off in a landslide victory over incumbent Petro Poroshenko
  • September: Russia and Ukraine swap prisoners captured in the wake of Moscow's seizure of Crimea and intervention in the Donbas
  • November: Russia returns three navy boats to Ukraine almost a year after they were seized off the Crimean Peninsula.




Russia reinstated by Wada after doping scandal suspension


A decision to lift the suspension of Russia's anti-doping agency has been labelled "the greatest treachery against clean athletes".
The World Anti-Doping Agency (Wada) has ended a three-year suspension which followed a major scandal over state-sponsored doping.
Leading athletes and anti-doping bodies had opposed the move.
Wada president Sir Craig Reedie said the reinstatement was "subject to strict conditions".
"This decision provides a clear timeline by which Wada must be given access to the former Moscow laboratory data and samples," said the Briton.
Nine members of the 12-strong executive committee voted in favour of the recommendation at a meeting in the Seychelles, with two against and one abstention.

However, a lawyer for Russian whistleblower and former Moscow laboratory head Grigory Rodchenkov - whose evidence was key to Russia's suspension - called it "the greatest treachery against clean athletes in Olympic history".
"The United States is wasting its money by continuing to fund Wada, which is obviously impotent to address Russia's state-sponsored doping," said Jim Walden.
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Russia's anti-doping agency (Rusada) has been suspended since 2015 over alleged state-backed doping after it was accused of covering up drug abuse - including while the country hosted the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics - in a Wada-commissioned report.
Last week, Wada's compliance review committee recommended Rusada's reinstatement after it received assurances from the Russian sports ministry, saying the country had "sufficiently acknowledged" failures.
UK Sport said it was "disappointed" by the lifting of the suspension and urged Wada to "fully and transparently" explain its reasons.
The UK Anti-Doping Agency (Ukad) had joined with other leading national anti-doping organisations around the world to call for a postponement of the decision.


Wada has cast aside its responsibilities to clean athletes, sports fans and those who work tirelessly for clean sport," said Ukad chief executive Nicole Sapstead.
But the athletes' commission of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) said on Wednesday it "agreed in principle" with the recommendation to end the suspension.
Reedie said his organisation "very keenly" felt the need to ensure Russian sport is clean and would "maintain the highest levels of scrutiny on Rusada's operations and independence".
Russia was ordered to meet set criteria before Rusada could be readmitted, which included accepting the findings of the McLaren Report into state-sponsored doping and granting access to Moscow's anti-doping laboratory.
Russia has repeatedly denied running a state-sponsored doping programme and continued to deny full access to and retained control of its Moscow laboratory.
Wada's stance appears to have softened, after BBC Sport revealed details of a compromise suggested by Reedie and director-general Olivier Niggli to Russia's Sports Minister that was eventually accepted.
In a letter to Wada president Reedie last week, Russian sports minister Pavel Kolobkov said: "I am grateful for your acknowledgement of the significant achievements in rebuilding Rusada."
Professor Richard McLaren, whose report said Russia operated a state-sponsored doping programme, criticised Wada's decision.

He said: "Politics is dictating this decision. The Russians didn't accept the conditions so why will they accept the new ones. The Russians drafted the new ones, so they determined their own re-entry rules and the power to interpret them. They have all the discretion and escapes. Wada has lost leverage."
US Anti-Doping Agency (Usada) head Travis Tygart said Wada's decision to reinstate Rusada is "bewildering and inexplicable" and a "devastating blow to the world's clean athletes".
He added: "Wada has sent one clear message to the world: we put the wishes of a small handful of sports administrators above the rights of millions of clean athletes and the dreams of billions of sports fans."
Russia is suspended from International Paralympic Committee (IPC) events and also from athletics, although some have been allowed to compete as neutrals in international competition after proving their anti-doping credentials.
Both the IPC and athletics' governing body, the IAAF, have already established their own taskforces to investigate Russia's compliance.
IPC president Andrew Parsons said that they will assess whether Wada's decision addresses two of the final three remaining reinstatement criteria related to the Russian Paralympic Committee suspension and once recommendations are made, the IPC governing board will convene to determine whether to lift the RPC's suspension.
However, in a joint statement with the IPC Athletes Council, he said that he did not expect the task force to provide any recommendations to the board until the criterion related to the IPC's reimbursement costs associated with the suspension is satisfied.
Currently, the Russian Paralympic Committee owes his association 257,500 euros (£229,000) for the increased testing programme of Russian Para athletes and the IPC Taskforce.
The IAAF taskforce will report back to a council meeting in December.
IAAF president Lord Coe said: "IAAF has its own set of criteria for the reinstatement of the Russian Athletics Federation. We will continue to rely on the taskforce and our clear roadmap for their reinstatement until we are satisfied that the conditions have been met."

How the scandal unfolded

  • December 2014: As many as 99% of Russian athletes are guilty of doping, a German TV documentary alleges.
  • November 2015: A Wada commission publishes an independent report alleging widespread corruption, amounting to state-sponsored doping in Russian track and field athletics. Rusada is declared non-compliant.
  • May 2016: Former Moscow anti-doping laboratory boss Grigory Rodchenkov, who has turned whistleblower, says dozens of Russian athletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi had cheated.
  • July 2016: Russia operated a state-sponsored doping programme for four years across the "vast majority" of summer and winter Olympic sports, says a report from Professor Richard McLaren.
  • August 2016: International Olympic Committee (IOC) decides against imposing a blanket ban on Russian athletes at the 2016 Olympics in Rio. Individual sporting federations rule instead, with 271 Russians competing.
  • December 2016: Wada publishes the second part of the McLaren report which says more than 1,000 Russian athletes benefited from doping.
  • January 2017: Rusada and Russian sport authorities given list of criteria to achieve before winning back recognition.
  • March 2017: Wada says Russia's anti-doping reforms are not happening quickly enough.
  • February 2018: Russia are banned from competing at 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea by the IOC, but 169 athletes who prove they are clean allowed to compete under a neutral flag.
  • May 2018: Wada writes to Rusada offering 'compromise' solution.
  • September 2018: News of the compromise, revealed by the BBC, prompts fury from athletes and doping bodies.

Russia banned for four years to include 2020 Olympics and 2022 World Cup



Russia has been handed a four-year ban from all major sporting events by the World Anti-Doping Agency (Wada).
It means the Russia flag and anthem will not be allowed at events such as the Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Paralympics and football's 2022 World Cup in Qatar.
But athletes who can prove they are untainted by the doping scandal will be able to compete under a neutral flag.
Russian prime minister Dmitry Medvedev said the ban was part of "chronic anti-Russian hysteria".
"It is obvious that significant doping problems still exist in Russia, I mean our sporting community," he said. "This is impossible to deny.
"But on the other hand the fact that all these decisions are repeated, often affecting athletes who have already been punished in one way or another, not to mention some other points - of course this makes one think that this is part of anti-Russian hysteria which has become chronic."
Wada's executive committee made the unanimous decision to impose the ban on Russia in a meeting in Lausanne, Switzerland, on Monday.
It comes after Russia's Anti Doping Agency (Rusada) was declared non-compliant for manipulating laboratory data handed over to investigators in January 2019.
It had to hand over data to Wada as a condition of its controversial reinstatement in 2018 after a three-year suspension for its vast state-sponsored doping scandal.
Wada says Rusada has 21 days to appeal against the ban. If it does so, the appeal will be referred to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (Cas).
Wada president Sir Craig Reedie said the decision showed its "determination to act resolutely in the face of the Russian doping crisis".
He added: "For too long, Russian doping has detracted from clean sport. The blatant breach by the Russian authorities of Rusada's reinstatement conditions demanded a robust response.
"That is exactly what has been delivered.
"Russia was afforded every opportunity to get its house in order and rejoin the global anti-doping community for the good of its athletes and of the integrity of sport, but it chose instead to continue in its stance of deception and denial."
But Wada vice-president Linda Helleland said the ban was "not enough".
"I wanted sanctions that can not be watered down," she said. "We owe it to the clean athletes to implement the sanctions as strongly as possible."
A total of 168 Russian athletes competed under a neutral flag at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang after the country was banned following the 2014 Games, which it hosted in Sochi. Russian athletes won 33 medals in Sochi, 13 of which were gold.
Russia has been banned from competing as a nation in athletics since 2015.
Despite the ban, Russia will be able to compete at Euro 2020 - in which St Petersburg will be a host city - as European football's governing body Uefa is not defined as a 'major event organisation' with regards to rulings on anti-doping breaches.
Fifa said it had "taken note" of Wada's decision, adding: "Fifa is in contact with Wada to clarify the extent of the decision in regards to football."
In a statement, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) said: "Those responsible for the manipulation of data from the Moscow laboratory before it was transferred to Wada appear to have done everything possible to undermine the principles of fair and clean sport, principles that the rest of the sporting world support and adhere to.
"This sincere lack of respect towards the rest of the global sporting movement is not welcome and has zero place in the world of sport. It is only right that those responsible for this data manipulation are punished."
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) said it "supported" Wada's decision.

How did we get here?

Rusada was initially declared non-compliant in November 2015 after a Wada-commissioned report by sports lawyer Professor Richard McLaren alleged widespread corruption that amounted to state-sponsored doping in Russian track and field athletics.
A further report, published in July 2016, declared Russia operated a state-sponsored doping programme for four years across the "vast majority" of summer and winter Olympic sports.
In 2018, Wada reinstated Rusada as compliant after the national agency agreed to release data from its Moscow laboratory from the period between January 2012 and August 2015.
However, positive findings contained in a version courtesy of a whistleblower in 2017 were missing from the January 2019 data, which prompted a new inquiry.
Wada's compliance review committee (CRC) recommended a raft of measures based "in particular" on a forensic review of inconsistencies found in some of that data.
As part of the ban, Russia may not host, or bid for or be granted the right to host any major events for four years, including the 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

What was the reaction?

Whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov, the former Russian anti-doping official who fled to the United States after his allegations about a state-sponsored doping programme, says there remains "more to do".
"Finally, fraud, lies and falsifications of unspeakable proportions have been punished in full swing," he said in a statement.
"Those involved in the corruption of certain sports such as track and field, weightlifting, skiing, biathlon and bobsled, should be punished retroactively. The results of the London and Sochi Olympic Games should be reanalysed and reconsidered with the new knowledge available today.
"We only have a few months to reanalyse the samples from the 2012 London Games because according to Wada rules, we only have eight years to review.
"There is a whole generation of clean athletes who have painfully abandoned their dreams and lost awards because of Russian cheaters. We need to take the strongest action to bring justice back to sport."
Rodchenkov said that "doped athletes do not work alone" with "medical doctors, coaches and managers" providing substances, advising and protecting them.
He added: "In Russia's state-sponsored doping scheme, there is also a state-sponsored defence of many cheaters including state officials, witnesses and apparatchiks who are lying under oath and have falsified evidence."
UK Anti-Doping (Ukad) chief executive Nicole Sapstead said Wada's decision to impose a ban on Russia was the "only possible outcome" to "reassure athletes and the public and continue the task of seeking justice for those cheated by Russian athletes".
However, Travis Tygart, chief executive of the US Anti-Doping Agency, said not imposing a blanket ban on all participation by Russian athletes - even under a neutral flag - is a "devastating blow" to clean athletes.
"The reaction by all those who value sport should be nothing short of a revolt against this broken system to force reform," he said.
"Wada promised the world back in 2018 that if Russia failed yet again to live up to its agreements, it would use the toughest sanction under the rules. Yet, here we go again; Wada says one thing and does something entirely different.
"There is no disputing that Russia has committed the most intentional, deep and broad level of corruption on the entire sports world that has put money over morals, abuse over health and corruption over the Olympic values and all athletes' dreams.
"Now clean athletes, sports fans and sponsors are having to suffer through another horrendous Groundhog Day of Russian corruption and domination."

British stars nominated for Golden Globe awards


British stars are well represented in this year's Golden Globe nominations, with Rocketman's Taron Egerton and Phoebe Waller-Bridge up for awards.
Waller-Bridge is up for a lead actress prize for Fleabag, while her Irish co-star Andrew Scott is also nominated.
Marriage Story, a Netflix production, is the most nominated film, having received six citations in all.
The Irishman, another Netflix film, and Quentin Tarantino's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood have five nominations each.
The Crown, Chernobyl and Unbelievable lead the way on the TV side of things, having received four nominations apiece.



Marriage Story and Martin Scorsese's The Irishman are both up for best film drama, as are Joker, The Two Popes and Sam Mendes' World War I epic 1917.
Tarantino's film is up for best musical or comedy, alongside Jojo Rabbit, Knives Out, Rocketman and Dolemite Is My Name.
  • Golden Globes: 2020 nominees in full
Scorsese, Mendes and Tarantino are up for the best film director award, with Joker's Todd Phillips and Parasite's Bong Jong Ho completing the all-male line-up.
The South Korean film-maker is also up for best screenplay for Parasite - a dark comedy about his homeland's social divides that is also up for best foreign language film.
Christian Bale is up for the best actor in a film drama award for Ford v Ferrari - released as Le Mans '66 in the UK.
Bale's competition includes fellow Brit Jonathan Pryce for The Two Popes, as well as Antonio Banderas, Adam Driver and Joaquin Phoenix for Pain and Glory, Marriage Story and Joker respectively.




Daniel Craig is up for best actor in a film comedy or musical for Knives Out, as is Egerton for Elton John biopic Rocketman and Eddie Murphy for Dolemite Is My Name.
The best actress in a film comedy or musical shortlist includes Dame Emma Thompson for Late Night and The Farewell's Awkwafina.

Oscar favourite

The best actress in a film drama shortlist includes Britain's Cynthia Erivo for Harriet, a biopic of anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman.
Erivo's competition includes Scarlett Johansson for Marriage Story, Saoirse Ronan for Little Women and Judy's Renee Zellweger - widely considered to be the favourite for both this award and 2020's best actress Oscar.
I'm Gonna Love Me Again, a new track written for Rocketman by Sir Elton John and Bernie Taupin, is up for the best original film song award.
So is Beautiful Ghosts, written by Taylor Swift and Andrew Lloyd Webber for the upcoming film version of Cats.
It is the only nomination for Cats, which has been left out of the major categories despite reports it was screened for voters at the last minute.
Swift expressed delight on Twitter that "one of the most fun, fulfilling creative experiences" in her life had been recognised by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA).


Into the Unknown from Frozen 2 and Beyonce's song Spirit from Disney's The Lion King also make the cut.
Both films are up for best animated film - an award The Lion King will not be eligible for at the Oscars or Baftas, as it was not submitted for consideration.

Royal roles

Olivia Colman, Helena Bonham Carter and Tobias Menzies are all up for awards for their royal roles in the latest series of The Crown.
Colman is up for best actress in a TV drama, where her competition includes Killing Eve's Jodie Comer and the stars of Apple TV series The Morning Show - Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon.
Dame Helen Mirren, Kit Harington, Emily Watson and Sacha Baron Cohen are among other British actors who are up for TV prizes.
Harington's consideration for best actor in a TV drama is the only nomination for the final series of fantasy saga Game of Thrones.


Overall there are 27 Britons in contention for the awards, which recognise both film and television.
Netflix - the streaming giant behind Marriage Story, The Irishman, The Two Popes and The Crown - has 34 nominations in all - 17 each for film and TV.
HBO have 15 TV nominations, four of them coming for their mini-series about the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.
Ricky Gervais will return to host the awards on 5 January, having previously hosted them in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2016.
Tom Hanks will receive a lifetime achievement award at the event, following in the footsteps of such recent honourees as Meryl Streep and Oprah Winfrey.
Hanks is also nominated for a best supporting actor prize for his role as children's TV star Mr Rogers in A Beautiful Day in the Neighbourhood.


Measles makes body 'forget' how to fight infection


Measles has a devastating impact on the body's immune system that could make it harder to fight infections for years, a pair of studies show.
The virus can cause "immune amnesia" - meaning the body forgets how to fight bugs it once knew how to beat.
Measles also resets the immune system to a "baby-like" state, compromising its ability to devise ways of tackling new infections.
Experts said the findings showed the importance of vaccination.

Remind me, what is measles?

Measles is a virus that initially causes a runny nose, sneezing and fever.
A few days later it leads to a blotchy rash that starts off on the face and spreads across the body.
Most people will recover, but measles can cause life-long disability. It can be deadly, especially if it causes pneumonia in the lungs or encephalitis (swelling in the brain).
It is estimated that 110,000 people die from measles each year around the world.



Where do these findings come from?

The findings were based on detailed analysis of unvaccinated children in an Orthodox Protestant community in the Netherlands.
Blood samples were taken from the children, and then again two months after a measles outbreak in 2013.
Research groups in the United States, UK and Netherlands were analysing the samples to assess the impact of measles on the immune system.
The focus was on antibodies - the tiny proteins that stick to foreign invaders - and the white blood cells that make them.

How does measles wipe out immune memory?

The immune system has a memory of the hostile invaders it has fought off before.
Part of this memory is kept in memory B-cells, which are a type of immune cell that has specialised in producing just one type of antibody.
But the measles virus can infect and destroy these cells, causing "immune amnesia".
Researchers at Harvard Medical School looked at blood samples from 77 children.
They used a tool, called VirScan, that is like a fancy fishing rod that can catch thousands of different types of antibodies.
It allowed the team to build up an incredibly detailed picture of the children's immune system before and after a measles infection.


Results, published in the journal Science, showed the children lost 20% of their repertoire of antibodies on average.
One child, who had a severe measles infections, lost 73% of the types of antibody they could produce.
"Measles is like the first 10 years of an untreated HIV infection compressed into a few weeks - that's the kind of immunological memory damage," Dr Michael Mina told the BBC.

How big a problem is this?

Not every antibody matters.
An antibody might be one (of the huge number) that do very little, but another might completely neutralise a microscopic intruder.
"If you delete that one then you've got a problem," Prof Stephen Elledge told the BBC.
Essentially, it is a game of chance but the more antibodies that get wiped out, the greater the chance of hitting a crucial one.
And without it, your body may be vulnerable to infection once again.

This was borne out in the study with one particularly well-known antibody (for neutralising respiratory syncytial virus) disappearing in some children.
Prof Elledge said measles was even more dangerous than people realised, as there could be "five times or more indirect deaths due to immune amnesia" than the initial infection caused.
The researchers think the biggest problem is in sub-Saharan Africa where malnourished children are more likely to have larger swathes of their immune system wiped out.
The studies have not been done to prove this, but the US team fear the figure could exceed 90% of the antibodies.
"Those are the ones we think are the greatest concern," said Dr Mina.

How does measles make it harder to fight new infections?

As well as memory B-cells there are naive B-cells and it is the latter we rely on to fight off something new.
"They are the armour underneath," said Dr Velislava Petrova, from the Sanger Institute said.
Her study, published in Science Immunology, looked at 26 children and also showed that measles can wipe out the memory of previous infections.
But the research also showed the virus had an effect on the naive B-cells too.
These cells have their DNA rearranged - a process called somatic recombination - so the immune system can produce a diverse array of back-up antibodies.
The hope is one of them will work against a new infection.


Babies start off making a very narrow range of antibodies, which become more and more varied with age.
Measles hits the reset button so the immune system only has a limited range of antibodies to work with.
Dr Petrova said: "The measles virus removed immune memory cells that are created in response to other pathogens they had seen before.
"They also returned the immune system back to a baby-like state where they have limited ability to respond to new pathogens."

How long do these effects last?

The pair of studies focused only on the immediate aftermath of a measles infection.
However, the research was partially inspired by a study that came out in 2015, which provides some clues to what happens in the long term.
It looked at patterns in causes of death in rich countries and showed that children were more likely to die for two-to-three years after a measles infection.
Those results suggest it may take that long for the immune system to fully recover.
The timescales may be different in poorer countries where diseases spread more readily, the researchers suggest.

Is there anything that can be done about it?

There are two answers to this question, and they are both vaccination.
Being immunised against measles, often through the MMR jab, almost eliminates the risk of catching measles.
But if somebody's immune system is devastated by measles then the researchers suggest they may need to have their childhood vaccines again.
"Revaccination against polio might not seem important in the UK or US, but in Afghanistan (one of the few places where the disease is still endemic) then you might want to vaccinate again," said Dr Mina.


Are there other forms of immune memory?

Yes.
The study looked only at antibodies and the B-cells that produce them, but there are also equally important memory T-cells.
Measles can infected these T-cells too, but the studies have not yet been done on what happens to them.
"We do have really interesting anecdotal evidence suggesting the T-cell response would be affected in a very similar way," said Dr Mina.

What do the experts say?

Prof Arne Akbar, president of the British Society for Immunology, said the studies were "elegant and thorough".
He highlighted the "crucial" finding that the MMR vaccine, which contains a weakened measles virus, did not cause immune amnesia.
"It is doubly important to make sure you and your children are vaccinated against measles," he said.
Liam Sollis, from Unicef UK, said: "With vaccination rates in the UK falling and recently losing our measles-free status, an outbreak is now a ticking time bomb.
"Vaccines are the safest and most effective preventative measures against highly infectious disease."
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Measles deaths 'staggering and tragic'


More than 140,000 people died from measles last year as the number of cases around the world surged once again, official estimates suggest.
Most of the lives cut short were children aged under five.
The situation has been described by health experts as staggering, an outrage, a tragedy and easily preventable with vaccines.
Huge progress has been made since the year 2000, but there is concern that incidence of measles is now edging up.
In 2018, the UK - along with Albania, the Czech Republic and Greece, lost their measles elimination status.
And 2019 could be even worse.
The US is reporting its highest number of cases for 25 years, while there are large outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar and Ukraine.
The Pacific nation of Samoa has declared a state of emergency and unvaccinated families are hanging red flags outside their homes to help medical teams find them.

What is measles?

  • Measles is a highly infectious virus spread in droplets from coughs, sneezes or direct contact
  • It can hang in the air or remain on surfaces for hours
  • Measles often starts with fever, feeling unwell, sore eyes and a cough followed by a rising fever and rash
  • At its mildest, measles makes children feel very miserable, with recovery in seven-to-10 days - but complications, including ear infections, seizures, diarrhoea, pneumonia and brain inflammation, are common
  • The disease is more severe in the very young, in adults and in people with immunity problems

What are the numbers?

The global estimates are calculated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention.
They show:
  • In 2000 - there were 28.2 million cases of measles and 535,600 deaths
  • In 2017 - there were 7.6 million cases of measles and 124,000 deaths
  • In 2018 - there were 9.8 million cases of measles and 142,000 deaths
Measles cases do not go down every year - there was an increase between 2012 and 2013, for example.
However, there is greater concern now that progress is being undone as the number of children vaccinated stalls around the world.
"The fact that any child dies from a vaccine-preventable disease like measles is frankly an outrage and a collective failure to protect the world's most vulnerable children," said Dr Tedros Ghebreysus, director-general of the WHO. 

How are the numbers calculated?

Every single case of measles cannot be counted. In 2018, only 353,236 cases were officially recorded (out of the 7.8 million estimated).
So scientists perform complex maths for each country.
They take reported cases, the population size, deaths rates, the proportion of children vaccinated and more to eventually produce a global estimate.
Dr Minal Patel, who performed the number-crunching, told the BBC: "We've had a general trajectory downwards for deaths, which is great. Everyone involved in vaccination programmes should be very proud.
"But we've been stagnating in numbers of deaths for about the past seven years, and what's really concerning is from last year we've gone up, and it looks like we've gone backwards."

What is going on?

In short, not enough children are being vaccinated.
In order to stop measles spreading, 95% of children need to get the two doses of the vaccine.
But the figures have been stubbornly stuck for years at around 86% for the first jab, and 69% for the second.

Why enough children are not being vaccinated is more complicated - and the reasons are not the same in every country.
The biggest problem is access to vaccines, particular in poor countries.
The five worst-affected countries in 2018 were Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Madagascar, Somalia and Ukraine.
The Ebola outbreak in Liberia (2014-16) and plague in Madagascar (2017) have taken a toll on their healthcare systems.
"Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia and Ukraine, the other countries hardest-hit by measles, each face conflicts, with DRC additionally battling a serious Ebola outbreak and rampant distrust," Prof Heidi Larson, from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, explained.
The other issue is people who do have access to vaccines choosing not to immunise their children.

Will things be worse next year?

It looks likely.
The number of reported cases by mid-November this year was 413,000 compared with 353,000 for the whole of last year.

What do the experts say?

Henrietta Fore, Unicef's executive director, said: "The unacceptable number of children killed last year by a wholly preventable disease is proof that measles anywhere is a threat to children everywhere."
Dr Seth Berkley, chief executive of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, said: "It is a tragedy that the world is seeing a rapid increase in cases and deaths from a disease that is easily preventable with a vaccine.
"While hesitancy and complacency are challenges to overcome, the largest measles outbreaks have hit countries with weak routine immunisation and health systems."
Prof Larson said: "These numbers are staggering. Measles, the most contagious of all vaccine-preventable diseases, is the tip of the iceberg of other vaccine-preventable disease threats and should be a wake-up call."
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